句子结构英语七大结构英文单词汇总_句子结构英语五大结构
1.英语句子的组成部分的解析
2.基础英语之基本句子结构
句子的成分
在英文中句子成分包括:主语、谓语、表语、宾语(直接宾语、间接宾语)、宾语补足语、定语和状语等
(一)主语:主语是谓语讲述的对象,表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。它在句首。如:
1. Comrade Chen is a well-known scientist.
陈同志是著名的科学家。(名词作主语)
2. He reads newspapers every day .
他每天读报。(代词作主语)
3. Smoking is harmful to the health .
吸烟对健康有害。(动名词作主语)
4. To swim in Kunming Lake is a great pleasure .
在昆明湖里游泳是非常愉快的事。(不定式作主语)
5. What we shall do next is not yet decided .
下一步我们做什么还没定下来。(主语从句作主语)
(二)谓语
说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”。谓语(谓语部分里主要的词)必须是动词。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。它在主语后面。
如:His parents are teachers .
(系动词和表语一起作谓语)
We study hard . (行为动词作谓语)
We he finished reading the book.
(助动词和行为动词一起作谓语)
He can speak English .
(情态动词和行为动词一起作谓语)
(三)宾语
宾语是动作、行为的对象,由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任,它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。一般放在谓语之后。
She is doing her homework now. (名词作宾语)
She said (that)she felt sick. (宾语从句做动词宾语)
We often help him. (代词作宾语)
He likes to play basketball.
他喜欢打篮球。(不定式作宾语)
We enjoy listening to the music.
我们喜欢听音乐。(动名词短语作宾语)
说明1:宾语是及物动词涉及到的人或物。宾语一般放在及物动词之后。介词后面的名词或代词或动名词,称为介词宾语。名词、代词、数词常在句中做动词宾语或介词宾语。另外,动词不定式可做动词宾语;动名词和宾语从句也可用做动词宾语。
说明2:及物动词作谓语时,后面要跟宾语,宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象。直接宾语指物。间接宾语通常是及物动词的动作所及的人,间接宾语指人。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前。
不是所有的及物动词都可以用双宾语。有的动词可以跟,如:give , show (给…看),bring , pass , buy 等。如:
1. Our teacher told us a story .
(us为间接宾语)a story为直接宾语。
2. The sun gives us light and warmth.
(us为间接宾语,light and warmth为直接宾语)
3. We sent him a telegram.
我们给他打了电报。
(him为间接宾语,a telegram为直接宾语)
间接宾语如果放在直接宾语之后。在表示“人”的间接宾语之前会出现介词“to”或“for”。在这种情况下,
间接宾语前加“to”的有:
give , show , send , bring , read , pass , lend , lee (留给), hand (交给), tell , return , write , throw (仍)promise(答应)refuse(拒绝)等。
for的有:make , buy , do , get , play (演奏),order (命令),sing , pay (为…交钱)
例如:
(1)I ge him a book.
改成:I ge a book to him.
(2)He passed me the book. (他将书递给我)
改成:He passed the book to me.
(3)He wrote me a letter.
改成:He wrote a letter to me.
(4)He will buy me some books.
改成:He will buy some books for me.
(5)She made me a cake.
改成:She made a cake to me.
( 四)宾语补足语:
在某些及物动词后面,需要用一个宾语再加一个宾语的补语才能表达完整的意思。在宾语后面补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征的成分,称为宾语补足语。名词、形容词、副词、介词短语以及动词不定式,分词等可用做宾语补足语。宾语和宾语补足语称为复合宾语。
如:They made her hy . (形容词)
I saw her dance. (不定式)
We’ll help make the Olympics a success. (名词)
Please let him in . (副词)
We heard her singing a song. (分词短语)
(五)表语:
表语说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”,由名词、形容词、副词、介词,不定式及相当于名词或形容词或短语来担任。它的位置在系动词后面。
如:I am a teacher . (名词)
He is always hy. (形容词)
They are on the playground now. (介词短语)
It gets cold. (形容词)
系动词除了有am , is , are 还有get(变得),sound(听起来),seem(看起来)feel等特殊的词。
如:It sounds interesting. (sound为系动词,interesting为表语)
(六)定语
定语是用来修饰名词或代词的。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语等。
单词作定语时,通常放在它所修饰的名词之前。
如:The black bike is mine. (形容词)
这辆黑色的自行车是我的。
What’s your name ? (代词)
They made paper flowers. (名词)
说明1:当定语修饰不定代词如:nothing , anything , everything , something 等时,定语要放在其后作后置定语
如:I tell him something interesting .
我告诉他一些有趣的事情。
(形容词interesting作不定代词something的后置定语)
He has something to do .
他有一些事情去做(to do 为不定式作后置定语)
说明2:短语或从句作定语时,也放在被修饰的名词之后。
如:The boys in the room are in Class Four.
这间屋子里的男孩子们是4班的。
in the room 是介词短语作the boys的后置定语。
(七)状语:修饰动词、形容词、副词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义,一般由副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来表示。状语一般放在句末,但有的可以放在句首、句中。
如:He did it carefully . (副词)
We often help him. (副词)
Her mother goes out to do some shopping on Sunday . (介词短语)
When I grow up , I am going to be a teacher . (从句作时间状语
英语句子的组成部分的解析
1简单句、并列句、复合句
根据语法形式,即句子的结构,英语的句子可分为简单句、并列句和复合句.
1简单句
句型:主语+谓语
只包含一个主谓结构,而句子的各个结构都只由单词或短语表示.简单句有五种基本句型,详见第十七章.
They are playing baseball in the garden.
他们正在公园里打棒球.
Her brother and sister both are teachers.
她的哥哥和姐姐都是老师.
2并列句
句型:简单句+并列连词+简单句
(常见的并列连词有and,but,or)
并列句是由两个或两个以上的简单句连接而成.并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要,相互之间没有从属关系,是平行并列的关系.它们之间用连词连结.
My friend was at home,and we talked for along time.
我的朋友在家,我们谈了好长时间.
基础英语之基本句子结构
Different parts of a sentence概念句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的.组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分.句子的成分包括:主语、谓语、表语、宾语(直接和间接宾语)、宾语补足语、定语和状语.主语和谓语是句子的主体部分(在英语中,一般句子必须有主语和谓语),表语、宾语和宾语的补足语是谓语里的组成部分.其他成份如定语和状语是句子的次要成分.▲句子成分分类1.主语 主语是谓语讲述的对象,表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”.一般由名词、代词、不定代词或相当于名词的单词或短语来充当,也有从句充当的现象.大多数主语都在句首.如:讲述“谁”We work in a big factory. 讲述“什么”The classroom is very big. 数词作主语Three are enough. 三个人就够了不定式作主语To operate on the blind is one of the ORBIS Doctor’s job.从句作主语What we need is food. 我们最需要的是食物.▲ 在“There be …”句型中,主语的位置在中间.如:There are some bottles of milk in the box.▲ 在个别句型中,主语在整个句子后面,这时前面用it作形式主语.如: It is very interesting to play the game called “treat or trick”. It took two workers about three months to build the house.2.谓语谓语时用来说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”,谓语必须是动词,谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致.如:He is very generous.She looks very smart and coolWe he finished the job.He can speak German.3.表语 表语说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”,由名词、形容词、介词、副词、不定式及相当于名词的词或短语来充当,它的位置在系动词后面. 形容词作表语You look younger than before. 名词作表语 My father is a teacher. 副词作表语Everyone is here.介词短语作表语They are at the theatre.不定式作表语My job is to teach them English.动名词作表语Her job is training the nurses.从句作表语That is why he didn’t come to school yesterday.4.宾语▲宾语是动作、行为的对象,由名词、代词、不定式、或相当于名词的词或短语或从句来充当,它和谓语动词一起说明主语是什么,通常放在谓语动词后面.有时,会有双宾语.如:名词作宾语He never forgives others for their mistakes.代词做宾语He often helps me.不定式作宾语He likes to sleep in the open air.动名词作宾语The Americans enjoyed living in China.从句做宾语I believe that they can finish the work in time.▲直接宾语和间接宾语及物动词作谓语时,后面要跟宾语,宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语.直接宾语是及物动词的对象.但有些动词除了直接宾语外,还需要有一个间接宾语,间接宾语表语动作是对谁做的,所以只能用名词或代词来充当.如:We brought them some food.主 谓 间宾 直宾间接宾语可以放在直接宾语后面,但必须加to 或 for.5.宾语的补足语 在英语的句子中有些句子里只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思,还必须在宾语后面加上宾语的补足语才能表达完整的意思.我们把“宾语+宾语补足语”合起来称为复合宾语.复合宾语所表达的意思相当于一个巨资的意思.名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以作宾语补足语.如:名词作宾补If you let me go, I’ll make you king.形容词作宾补Don’t make your hands dirty.副词作宾补We found Li Ming out when we arrived.介词短语作宾补Make yourself at home.省略to的不定式作宾补I saw a girl go into the building.带to的不定式作宾补The boy ordered the dog to lie down.现在分词作宾补The boss kept them working all day.过去分词作宾补Yesterday he got his leg broken.在英语中,常见的“宾语+宾语补足语”的结构有:▲“宾语+名词”.常用于改结构的动词有:call, name, make, find, choose, think, lee等. We call him Jack. They made Li Lei their monitor.▲“宾语+形容词”.常见的动词有think, believe, lee, drive, make, keep, turn, wish, want等.如:Do you think his idea wrong?We must keep our classroom clean.We can’t lee him alone.Can you get everything ready for the party before Friday?▲“宾语+副词”.副词作宾补常表示宾语的状态,与宾语有逻辑上的主表关系.常见的副词有:down, up, here, there, home, in, out, anywhere等.如: Let him in/ out. Mr. Li drove us home.When got there, we found him out.▲“宾语+介词短语”.介词短语作宾补常表示其逻辑主语(即宾语)所处的状态,两者有主表的关系.如: We found everything in good order. We regard him as our good friend.He opened the door and found some of his friends in the rain.▲“宾语+不定式”.充当宾补的不定式有三种: A 要求带to的不定式The cool water of the lake invited us to swim. B 要求不带to 的不定式 let, make, see, hear, watch等 The boss made the workers work 12 hours a day. I often hear him read English in his room. C 单词help 后可加 to 或不加 to She sometimes helps her mother (to) do housework.▲“宾语+现在分词”.现在分词作宾补,此时在该句型中的宾语即为现在分词逻辑上的主语,有着主谓关系. I saw them playing on the playground.I heard Mary singing in the classroom.▲“宾语+过去分词”.宾语和宾补之间是被动关系,过去分词表示被动和完成. I had my bike stolen. The teacher explained again and again to make himself understood.▲ 形式宾语+形容词 We found it impossible to get there before Saturday.▲宾语+what 从句Call me what you like.Mr. Li has made the factory what it is today.The mountain village is different from what it was ten years ago.6.定语▲ 定语用来修饰名词或代词.形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以充当定语.因为它是修饰名词或代词的,而名词和代词可以作主语、表语或宾语,所以定语的位置很灵活,凡是有名词、代词的地方都可以有定语.如: 形容词作定语 The black bike is mine. 代词作定语 What’s your name?名词作定语They made some paper flowers.介词短语作定语 The boys in the room are in Class Three, Grade One.不定式作短语 I he lots to eat and drink.从句作定语 The tall boy who is standing there is Peter.▲ 在英语中,并不是所有的定语都放在被修饰词的前面,有的是放在被修饰词的后面,故称“后置定语”.▲ 修饰不定代词 something, anything, nothing, something, anyone, somebody, anybody, nobody 的定语必须后置.如: We’ll go to he something English. If you don’t know the answer, ask someone else. Do you he anything important to tell me?▲介词短语作定语时要后置.如: Do you know the boy behind the tree?
The students in the room are all my friends. I think the picture on the left is better than the one on the right.▲动词的不定式作定语时要后置 What about something to drink? I he no time to trel to China is in Autumn or in Spring.注 动词不定式作主语时,to 后面的动词必须是及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语.如果时短语时,那么与动词搭配的介词或副词是不能少的. Do you he any piece of music to listen to? ▲nearby, below, downstairs等个别方位词作定语时要后置.如:We are at the top of the hill. Can you see the village below?The people downstairs are listening to a talk now?They took the boy to the hospital nearby at once.7.状语 状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词.它表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等,一般由副词、介词短语、不定式,从句或相当于副词的词或短语来充当.状语一般放在句末,但有时也可以放在句首、句中.如: He did it carefully They missed me very much. Without his help, we couldn’t work it out. In order to catch up with my classmates, I must study hard. When I was young, I could swim well.
基础英语之基本句子结构
导语:想更扎实英语的基础?下面是我整理的基础英语之基本句子,希望对你有帮助!
感叹句
感叹句是表达喜、怒、哀、乐以及惊奇、惊讶等强烈感情的句子。感叹句通常由 what 或 how 引导。现分述如下:
一、由 what 引导的感叹句,其句子结构可分为以下三种:
1. 可用句型:? What + a/an +形容词+可数名词单数+主语+谓语!?。如:
What a nice present it is! 它是一件多么好的礼物啊!
What an interesting book it is! 它是一本多么有趣的书啊!
2. 可用句型:? What +形容词+可数名词复数+主语+谓语!?。如:
What beautiful flowers they are! 多么漂亮的花啊!
What good children they are! 他们是多么好的孩子啊!
3. 可用句型:? What +形容词+不可数名词+主语+谓语!?。如:
What fine weather it is today! 今天天气多好啊!
What important news it is! 多重要的新闻啊!
二、由 how 引导的感叹句,其句子结构也分为三种:
1. 可用句型:? How +形容词 / 副词+主语+谓语!?。如:
How careful she is! 她多么细心啊!
How fast he runs! 他跑得多快啊!
2. 可用句型:? How +形容词+ a/an +可数名词单数+主语+谓语!?。如:
How beautiful a girl she is! 她是个多么漂亮的姑娘啊!
3. 可用句型:? How +主语+谓语!?。如:
How time flies! 光阴似箭!
由 what 引导的感叹句与由 how 引导的感叹句有时可以转换,但句中部分单词的'顺序要有所变化。如:
How beautiful a girl she is! = What a beautiful girl she is!
What delicious cakes these are! = How delicious these cakes are!
三、有时感叹句也可以由一个单词、词组、祈使句、陈述句等构成。
如: Good idea! (好主意!) wonderful! (太精彩了!) Thank goodness! (谢天谢地!)
祈使句用于表达命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等的句子叫做祈使句,祈使句最常用于表达命令。
祈使句因对象(即主语)是第二人称,所以通常都省略。祈使句的动词都为一般现在时,句末则使用句号来表示结束。例:
Go and wash your hands.(去洗你的手。?命令)
Be quiet, please.(Please be quiet.)(请安静。?请求)
Be kind to our sister.(对姊妹要和善。?劝告)
Watch your steps.(走路小心。?警告)
Look out!Danger!(小心!危险!?强烈警告,已如感叹句)
Keep off the grass.(勿践草坪。?禁止)
祈使句也常把主语?You?表达出来,使对方听起来觉得柔和些,例如:You go and tell him, Chris.(克立斯去告诉他。)
相关口令:
祈使句无主语,主语you常省去;
动词原形谓语当,句首加don't否定变;
朗读应当用降调,句末常标感叹号。
表现形式:
肯定结构:
1. Do型(即:动词原形(+宾语)+其它成分)。如:Please he a seat here. 请这边坐。有的祈使句在意思明确的情况下,动词可省略。如:This way, please. = Go this way, please. 请这边走。
2. Be型(即:Be + 表语(名词或形容词)+其它成分)。如:Be a good boy! 要做一个好孩子!
3. Let型(即:Let + 宾语 + 动词原形 + 其它成分)。如:Let me help you. 让我来帮你。
否定结构:
1. Do型和Be型的否定式都是在句首加don't构成。如:Don't forget me! 不要忘记我!
2. Let型的否定式有两种:?Don't + let + 宾语 + 动词原形 + 其它成分?和?Let + 宾语 + not + 动词原形 + 其它成分?。如:Don't let him go. / Let him not go. 别让他走。
3. 有些可用no开头,用来表示禁止性的祈使句。如:No smoking! 禁止吸烟!
疑问句疑问句的主要交际功能是提出问题,询问情况。分为一般疑问句、选择疑问句、特殊疑问句和反意疑问句。
一般疑问句:
Do you speak English? 你讲英语吗?
选择疑问句:
Do you like to play football or basketball? 你喜欢踢足球还是打篮球?
特殊疑问句:
Which book is yours? 哪一本书是你的?
反意疑问句:
It's cold today, isn't it?
陈述句陈述句主要是用来陈述事实或观点,传递信息,提供情况。
陈述句又分为肯定的陈述句和否定的陈述句,简称为肯定句(The Affirmative Sentence)和否定句(The Negative Sentence)两种。
陈述句在书写时句末有句号,而在朗读时则用降调。
例句:
China is the largest country in Asia.
中国是亚洲最大的国家。
I didn't tell him anything.
我什么也没有告诉他。
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